Linux often powers cloud-based infrastructure, and securing Linux workloads in the cloud presents a unique set of challenges.
- The Shift to Cloud Computing
- Linux as the Foundation for Cloud Infrastructure
- Emerging Trends in Cloud-Based Threats
- Best Practices for Securing Linux Workloads in the Cloud
- Case Studies: Learning from Cloud Security Incidents
- The Future of Linux Security and the Cloud
- Additional Resources and Links
Various threat actors, such as advanced persistent threat (APT) groups, specialize in Linux and cloud-based attacks. Given the expansive and ever-mutating threat landscape, it is critical to establish strict security controls and adhere to best practices from the start. Fundamental security principles should always be consistently applied and then built upon to enhance overall security measures.
The Shift to Cloud Computing
How organizations deploy IT resources has undergone a major evolution. This includes the substantial adoption of cloud computing over the past few years. Cloud-based services, such as Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), have become prominent in this shift.
Cloud-based infrastructure offers a wide spectrum of services, allowing businesses to scale their operations, optimize costs, transform data storage, and much more.
Linux as the Foundation for Cloud Infrastructure
Linux is in fact at the heart of much of the cloud infrastructure provided by major industry players like Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and Amazon Web Services. This is due to the open-source nature of Linux, as well as Linux’s inherent security and scalability features.
Emerging Trends in Cloud-Based Threats
Let’s explore some of the threats and vulnerabilities that can affect cloud environments.
Misconfigurations
Misconfigurations generally refer to using unsafe or otherwise discouraged settings. In certain cases, settings not configured at all. Misconfigurations can easily lead to security breaches.
One of the most obvious and much-exploited types of misconfigurations involves default credentials, such as passwords and ports. Other notable misconfigurations include those related to firewalls and the inadvertent exposure of web-facing infrastructure, which can have catastrophic consequences for enterprises. Additionally, misconfigurations that result in data leakage or exposure, especially client data, are a major concern.
Identity and access management (IAM) issues
IAM policies and procedures are crucial security measures. There are ways to engineer safer IAM and Single Sign-On mechanisms that route requests and communication via a safe and encrypted “back channel,” which can enhance authentication security. Well-known systems like OAuth2.0 and AuthO are available for implementing these additional security features. Incorporating such measures can help protect organizations from credential theft, phishing pages, and other threats.
Advanced persistent threats (APTs)
Also referred to as Advanced Persistent Threat Groups, these groups usually consist of skilled developers capable of creating sophisticated malware.
In the cybersecurity industry, it is generally acceptable to use the Mitre Corporation’s MITRE ATT&CK framework and matrices for monitoring these groups, especially from a threat intelligence perspective. The MITRE ATT&CK framework tracks and analyzes APT groups, offering a trio of matrices (enterprise, mobile, and industrial control systems). These matrices can be used for red teaming, threat intelligence, incident response, threat hunting, and other cybersecurity applications. APT groups may exploit vulnerabilities in Linux-based cloud systems, potentially gaining unauthorized access and exfiltrating sensitive data.
Due to their sophistication and long-term strategies, detecting and protecting against APT groups poses significant challenges.
Data breaches
Cloud-based attacks resulting in data exfiltration have become increasingly common. Attackers exploit vulnerabilities within systems and target susceptible employees through phishing campaigns to gain unauthorized access and exfiltrate sensitive data.
Container vulnerabilities
Containerization technology presents unique security concerns. Vulnerabilities in container runtimes, misconfigured containers, and insecure images are all ways that can jeopardize the security of Linux-based containers in cloud environments. It is essential to exercise special care and consideration in addressing these vulnerabilities.
Large businesses with the necessary infrastructure or financial resources should conduct red-team exercises and assess the security of their entire cloud-based infrastructure. Using security research, threat intelligence, and risk assessments are all parts of the broader security strategy. Security-mature organizations typically make substantial investments in cybersecurity to fortify their defenses.
Best Practices for Securing Linux Workloads in the Cloud
Here are several best practices that can be implemented to secure Linux cloud-based workloads.
Implement IAM policies
Enforce the principle of least privilege in IAM policies by regularly auditing and reviewing permissions. The aim is to ensure that users and processes have access only to the necessary data for their role, and no more than that.
Use multifactor authentication (MFA)
To strengthen authentication, organizations can employ 2FA (two-factor authentication) technology, providing a significant layer of security and reducing the risk of unauthorized access, even if credentials are compromised.
MFA can be achieved through various methods, which can be evaluated based on a generally accepted scale of effectiveness.
Let’s run through them from least secure to most secure:
- SMS-based 2FA: This method involves sending authentication codes via SMS. While common, it relies on a technology called Signal System Seven, which is vulnerable to intrusion. Techniques like Sim-Jacking, where attackers clone a cell number to receive the 2FA message, can compromise its security.
- Time-based 2FA code applications: These applications generate time-sensitive codes that change every minute or two. This method is generally considered more secure than SMS 2FA.
- Physical security keys (FIDO): Managed by the FIDO Alliance, physical security keys, such as those manufactured by Feitian and Google, are regarded as the most advanced and secure form of 2FA.
Regularly audit and monitor configurations
Organizations should audit and monitor their cloud configurations for tools and processes. This process can be automated. It’s important to ensure that storage, mass storage devices, databases, and networking components are appropriately configured to minimize potential risks.
Encrypt data in transit and at rest
It’s critical to implement encryption mechanisms and algorithms for data in transit and at rest. Use technologies such as SSH (Secure Shell) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) to secure communication channels and encrypt data.
Apply container security best practices
Container images should be regularly updated and patched to address vulnerabilities. This process can be automated. Image scanning tools can audit containerized environments and mitigate identified risks. Make sure that you use secure base images and always adhere to the principle of least privilege when working with containers, limited access to only what is necessary.
Adopt continuous monitoring and incident response
Organizations should adopt continuous monitoring using tools to detect suspicious and malicious activity. Set up alerts to promptly respond to any anomalies. It’s important to establish an incident response plan, which should include clear preparations for people, processes, and technology. Develop procedures for identifying, containing, eradicating, as well as recovering and learning from security incidents.
Regularly update and patch Linux systems
Organizations can automate updates and patching, depending on the distribution that is in use. For instance, you can use package tools like apt in Debian-based distributions or yum in Red Hat-based distributions.
The following Linux commands illustrate the process.
For Debian-based systems:
- sudo apt update
- sudo apt upgrade
For Red Hat-based systems:
- sudo yum update
- sudo yum upgrade
Executing these commands will update the system and upgrade any installed applications. Keeping Linux systems updated with the latest security patches helps address vulnerabilities specific to the distribution. Additionally, you should ensure that your cloud provider’s infrastructure is configured to automatically receive and apply security updates.
Establish network security controls
Implementing security controls for the network is an important aspect of the overall security of any workload, including cloud-based workloads. These controls include things like intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems, firewalls, and other measures to secure the network. Examples include reducing the attack surface by closing unnecessary or unused ports.
Additionally, network segmentation can limit the chances of an attacker moving laterally in the event of a security breach.
Implement security automation
Organizations can more consistently enforce security policies and configurations by automating them. Automation reduces the chances of human error and ensures that security controls are uniformly applied across cloud workloads.
Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing
Security audits of cloud workloads and infrastructure should be conducted regularly. Penetration testing, which involves attempting to hack or access a network to test defenses, is typically conducted as part of a compliance program within the organization.
Regular penetration testing is “noisy” – meaning, it is easily detected. Red teaming, however, is the practice of emulating actual advanced attackers, such as APT groups, and penetrating the network without being detected.
A fully mature organization will conduct regular penetration testing, security audits, and possibly red-teaming exercises. These practices can play an important role in identifying and remediating vulnerabilities before attackers discover and exploit them.
Case Studies: Learning from Cloud Security Incidents
Let’s examine a few recent incidents for additional insight.
Capital One data breach
This attack occurred in March 2019 when a misconfigured web application firewall allowed attackers to exfiltrate sensitive and private data from AWS. The incident underscores the importance of conducting regular security audits and consistently monitoring and maintaining configurations for cloud workloads.
Tesla cryptocurrency mining incident
Attackers compromised the AWS infrastructure used by Tesla, exploiting the power of the virtual environment and machines to engage in cryptocurrency mining. Mitigating such attacks requires the implementation of robust IAM policies.
Docker Hub data breach
Docker Hub suffered a cyberattack in 2019, which involved a data breach and the leaking of compromised credentials. To mitigate against such attacks, it’s important to adopt secure container practices, including regularly updating and upgrading containers, using image scanning tools to identify vulnerabilities, and ensuring secure management of credentials.
The Future of Linux Security and the Cloud
Here are several security trends to know about.
Zero-trust security model
The zero-trust security model assumes that threats can emerge from within a network. The model is becoming increasingly popular. Adopting zero-trust principles involves steps such as micro-segmentation and continuous verification of identities. This approach can enhance cloud security.
Cloud-native security technologies
Cloud-native security technologies, such as Microsoft Defender for Cloud, are specifically designed for protecting cloud environments. These offerings integrate with various cloud platforms, providing enhanced security measures for cloud workloads.
DevSecOps integration
DevSecOps is the integration of security practices and standards into the DevOps pipeline. There are various standards for this, including the Google-led SLSA (Supply-Chain Levels for Software Artifacts), which provides guidelines and maturity levels for the software supply chain. These types of controls can help mitigate supply-chain attacks.
AI and machine learning (ML)
AI and ML technologies can be integrated into cybersecurity for enhanced detection and response capabilities. These technologies assist in identifying patterns that may indicate security incidents.
Cloud security posture management (CSPM)
CSPM tools are comprehensive systems designed for managing the security of cloud workloads. These tools offer features such as continuous monitoring and compliance checks. Some CSPM tools include remediation capabilities, allowing organizations to promptly address and fix security issues.
Additional Resources and Links
- FIDO Alliance: https://fidoalliance.org/
- Supply Chain Levels for Software Artifacts (SLSA): https://slsa.dev/
